Australia official report 2001.12.10 finds arsenic impurity in sucralose at 15 % of USA EPA adult ADI limits for daily drinking water, also 67 % of child lead alarm limits -- evidence for claims by D.L. Dewey and G.N. Ferebee petition (some typos): Murray 2007.10.25
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1481
Sucralose has substantial arsenic and lead impurities.
[ The European Union ADI for sucralose is 15 mg/kg body weight, 1,050 mg = 1.05 gm for a 70 kg average adult, with the result that the additional increase of 15 % of USA EPA adult arsenic ADI and 20 % of USA EPA child lead alarm levels would entail an additional risk for people in vulnerable groups, some of whom are bound to be using even higher levels for years.
If a hundred million use sucralose, and 0.1 %, one in a thousand, are heavy, long-term users and especially vulnerable, that would be 100,000 people at risk. ]
http://nicnas.gov.au/search/cache.cg...fr.pdf.pan.txt
[ This report from Australia is the first specific data I found so far. It indicates levels of arsenic, lead, and methanol that might be bad for very vulnerable groups who use very high levels of sucralose for years.
I found it while searching Google for referenced evidence for dramatic sucralose toxicity claims in a recent public petition by D. L. Dewey and Greta Nuernberger Ferebee.]
File No: NA/944 November 2001
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS NOTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT SCHEME
10 December, 2001 FULL PUBLIC REPORT NA/944 5/24
4. PURITY OF THE CHEMICAL
Calculated on the anhydrous basis
Degree of Purity: 98.0-102.0 %
Hazardous Impurities:
Chemical name: Arsenic (as As)
CAS No.: 7440-38-2
Weight percentage: Less than 3 mg/kg
[ One gram sucralose would give up to 3 micrograms arsenic. ]
Toxic properties: Toxic (T) by inhalation (R23) and if swallowed (R25)
Chemical name: Heavy metals (as Pb)
Weight percentage: 10 mg/kg or less
[ One gram sucralose would give up to 10 micrograms lead. ]
Toxic properties: Toxic (T), may cause harm to the unborn child (R61), possible risk of impaired fertility (R62), harmful by inhalation (R20) and if swallowed (R22), danger of cumulative effects (R33).
Chemical name: Methanol
Synonyms: Methyl alcohol
CAS No.: 67-56-1
Weight percentage: 0.1 % or less
[ One gram sucralose would give 1.0 mg methanol -- whereas in most people the daily ingestion of methanol is about 10 mg daily.
One gram aspartame, five 12-oz cans diet soda, gives 110 mg methanol. ]
Toxic properties: Toxic (T) by inhalation (R23) and if swallowed (R25)
Non-hazardous Impurities ( > 1% by weight ):
Chemical name: 4-chloro-4-deoxygalactose
Synonyms: 4-CG
Weight percentage: Very low
CAS No.:
Chemical name: 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose
Synonyms: 1,6-DCF
Weight percentage: Very low
Additives/Adjuvants: None
http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/content/full/52/1/2
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) signaled on October 31, 2001 that it will be reducing the amount of arsenic allowed in US drinking water from a maximum of 50 parts per billion (50 ppb) back to the tighter 10 ppb standard adopted in the final days of the Clinton administration.
[ For adult drinking water 2 liters/day average, the USA EPA arsenic limit is 10 ppb = .01 ppm = .01 mg per kg = .01 mg per liter, giving .02 mg = 20 micrograms arsenic limit.
So, 3 micrograms arsenic daily from 1 gram of sucralose in a variety of products is 0.15 = 15 % of the USA EPA alarm limit for adults. ]
http://www.epa.gov/safewater/schools...cr_schools.pdf
OVERVIEW OF THE RULE
Schools and child care facilities that have their own water supply and are considered non-transient, non-community water systems (NTNCWSs) are subject to the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) requirements.
The LCR was developed to protect public health by minimizing lead and copper levels in drinking water.
The most common source of lead and copper in drinking water is corrosion of plumbing materials.
Plumbing materials that can be made with lead and copper include pipes, solder, fixtures, and faucets.
The LCR established an action level of 0.015 mg/L (15 ppb) for lead
and 1.3 mg/L (1300 ppb) for copper
based on the 90th percentile level of tap water samples.
This means no more than 10 percent of your samples
can be above either action level.
If lead or copper levels are found above the action levels,
it does not signal a violation
but can trigger other requirements that include
water quality parameter (WQP) monitoring,
corrosion control treatment (CCT),
source water monitoring/treatment,
public education,
and lead service line replacement.
[ For child drinking water of 1 liter/day average,
15 ppb = .015 ppm = .015 mg per kg = .015 mg per lite = 15 micrograms lead alarm limit.
So, 10 micrograms daily from 1 gram of sucralose in a variety of products is 0.67 = 67 % of the EPA alarm limit for lead in children. ]
CHILDREN
Children are especially susceptible to lead and copper exposure because their bodies absorb these metals at higher rates than the average adult. Children younger than six are most at risk due to their rapid rate of growth. Exposure to high levels of lead can cause damage to the brain, red blood cells, and kidneys. Exposure to even low levels of lead can cause low IQ, hearing impairment, reduced attention span, and poor classroom performance. Exposure to high levels of copper can cause stomach and intestinal distress, liver or kidney damage, and complications of Wilson’s disease in genetically predisposed people.
Because children spend so much time in school and child care facilities and their bodies are developing rapidly, it is important to provide safe drinking water to avoid health problems linked to lead or copper exposure.
ADULTS
High lead levels in adults have been linked to increased blood-pressure. Pregnant women and their fetuses are especially vulnerable to lead exposure since lead can significantly harm the fetus, causing lower birth weight and slowing down normal mental and physical development.
SOURCES OF LEAD AND COPPER IN DRINKING WATER
When lead and copper are found in tap water it is typically due to leaching from internal plumbing materials. If the water is too corrosive, it can cause lead or copper to leach out of the plumbing materials and enter the drinking water.
The potential for leaching increases the longer the water is in contact with the plumbing components. School water supplies tend to have extended periods of no water use (e.g., overnight, weekends, holidays, summer) that increase the likelihood of elevated lead levels at the tap.
http://www.fsai.ie/surveillance/food.../sucralose.pdf
In 2000, the European Union Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) assessed the data on the safety of sucralose and concluded that sucralose is acceptable as a sweetener for general food use
and set an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0-15 mg/kg body weight.
[ The European Union ADI for sucralose is as much as up to 1,050 mg = 1.05 gm for a 70 kg average adult, with the result that the additional increase of 15 % of USA EPA adult arsenic ADI and 20 % of USA EPA child lead alarm levels would entail an additional risk for people in vulnerable groups, some of whom are bound to be using even higher levels for years.
If a hundred million use sucralose, and 0.1 %, one in a thousand, are heavy, long-term users and especially vulnerable, that would be 100,000 people at risk. ]
[ Continued ]
Australia report 2001 finds arsenic in sucralose at 15 % of EPA ADI limits, lead 67 %
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